World Science Scholars

2.5 Gravitational Wave Astrophysics

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    • Numerical relativity is a field of study that attempts to produce approximate numerical solutions to the Einstein field equations for various astrophysical situations, like black hole mergers. Until recently this was a very difficult task, with programs crashing well before they produced meaningful results. What do you think of the fact that Einstein wrote these equations but himself could not solve them except in greatly simplified cases?

    • Einstein didn’t have today’s mathematical methods and computers to solve the problem.

    • Well, just try to solve the complete (!) equations by hand and you’ll see pretty soon that you’ll run into problems. Even with numerical relativity it took some time and more sophisticated technology (both hard- and software) to finally come to some templates which are solutions of individually defined merging black holes. More templates, including neutron stars and mixed versions (BH – NS) and a larger bandwith of the involved masses are yet to come.

    • Yeah I think Gravitational Waves are the new astrophysical window to what we think as the Cosmos. Dear World Science U, I have questions for the Experts, these are here
      1. How can Gravitational Waves tell us about the existence of Extra Spatial Dimensions and of indeed Strings in String Theory??
      2. We need a theory for Quantum Space-time and a sophisticated theory of Quantum Gravity, my point is that I study Loop Quantum Gravity so how Gravitational waves can be described by Loop Quantum Gravity??
      3. Why a Gravitational Wave will fail to escape the Event Horizon of a Black Hole??
      4. If a Gravitational Wave will fail from escaping a Black hole, then how we observed those Gravitational waves.

    • Philosophically, has one to be able to solve self written equations? I think no as there are equations without solution, at this time.

    • The fact that he couldn’t solve the equations, although he wrote them, exemplifies how far ahead of himself he was. Even in his assumed errors, Einstein was correct. I respect the boldness and courage he exemplified in his work and thoroughness before publishing.

    • The gravitational waves are generated from a point in space just outside the combined event horizon when the two black holes emerge, hence the waves can escape. Nothing that is generated within the combined event horizon can escape. Given that all the mass of each black hole is concentrated at its centre, the event horizon is not an actual physical surface – it is simply a region in space. Hence, when the two event horizons of the colliding black holes merge into one, the central masses of each black hole must still be moving towards each other. Do they continue to spiral inwards towards a final merger? Presumably so, but we will never detect gravitational waves from that part of the collision.

    • It seems to me that he did not have the facilities that we have now to be able to solve those equations

    • I understand why LIGO cannot detect low frequency GW, the arms are not long enough to measure the change on the scale of the lengths of the arms. I understand why Pulsar Timing Array cannot measure high frequencies, the pulsar pulses shape and sampling is two broad. But why cannot (e)LISA measure together with the low frequencies also the high frequencies to cover the range of LIGO, too? What kind of noise is eLISA limited by in high frequencies?

    • As I am listening to the lecture, I can follow along, but don’t ask me to explain anything to anyone after! Einstein came up with a theory that could predict things he could not even understand. That blows my mind.

    • I think he was more aware of the process than the solution

    • Computers are not the best tools for doing math – they are great at approximation, often to a very precise degree. That said, those approximations work very well since physical measurement also has accuracy limitations. Knowing the error range is important here, and knowing this, and being able to create these simulations, makes the science more accessible and helps move it forward. That Einstein was not a great mathematician does not detract from his physics.

    • he was more of a theoretical person, he understood the process but not the entire solution

    • The ideas that Einstein formulated lead these discoveries, they are part and parcel. He may not have been able to solve these problems numerically, but directly contributed the materials required for others to further this work.”In great attempts, it is glorious even to fail.”- Vince Lombardi, perhaps Einsteins’ failure to produce the necessarily calculated data wasn’t because of his inability to do the math. It was the enormity of it; The sheer amount of calculations would have taken decades, lifetimes to compute.

      So we must remind ourselves, just as it took time to construct LIGO, and LISA, that all great things take time. After all, Rome wasn’t built in a day. And neither was the volume of scientific work that we have today.

    • Hello Ladies and Gentlemen,

      I think Einstein was very new to this topic and could not fathom the depth of it.

      His culture was mostly agrarian, traditional, and not innovative.

      He was a product of his times, nurture over nature.

      I would love to work at LIGO myself. The smootheness of the topic is very appealing.

    • A

    • Einstein’s mind’s eye could probably see the answers, so then he wrote down the questions. Which were relative relativities, similar to how you might see a solution as something you want to accomplish then research to find out how to get it done. See the end from the beginning, find the middle, then begin.

    • Without the ability to experiment and observe, Einstein’s theories were just that, unproven theories. While theoretically sound, even Einstein’s theory of general relativity had to be proven by others.

    • Einstein’s inability to solve his own equations, except in simplified cases, highlights the depth and complexity inherent in his theory. It underscores that scientific progress often requires collaboration, technological advancements, and new mathematical methods that extend far beyond any single individual’s capabilities—even a genius like Einstein. The subsequent breakthroughs in numerical relativity illustrate this collective effort and the iterative nature of scientific discovery.

    • Complementary technologies is a good strategy for captured complementary data inputs

    • The Questions are stated as:

      Numerical relativity is a field of study that attempts to produce approximate numerical solutions to the Einstein field equations for various astrophysical situations, like black hole mergers.

      Until recently this was a very difficult task, with programs crashing well before they produced meaningful results.

      What do you think of the fact that Einstein wrote these equations but himself could not solve them except in greatly simplified cases?

      ~~~S∆F~~~

      Ladies & Gentlemen,

      Approximate numerical solutions show us that even when Edwin Hubble also had his observational tools working for him, he was quite off with his Hubble Expansion or Parameter guesstimate, by about 5x.

      More closer to 7x, the data was simply new to Astronomy.

      With Einstein, we cannot say he never saw black hole areas. We can gaze at our Big Dizzy Sagittarius area and every once and a while, energies display themselves that seem out of place with other sky areas.

      Especially, the updrafting purple columns from near horizon in North areas encounter our sky Atmospherics levels in reverse.

      This leaves a great many questions, and the Pegasi area too can show this effect very visibly.

      With eyeglasses, our generations have found optics that not all other before us have had, and it may seem too simplified to talk about eyeglasses, but they are relevant tools.

      I have seen energies break through or show on the sky layers that really confounded leading theory.

      Especially, the stark difference between flat pictures and the very depth of the sky visuals of our Galactic center ask why natural eye viewing, with glasses, can be so very effective.

      Mostly, similar to our Keck gear, the optics we have are military hand me downs.

      When they are not, we find the surprise areas, the off- vector areas our theories do not know.

      Our Galaxy center has vast depth to it. It has a predominant green colour to it, that our minds can relate to uranium, however accurate.

      In earlier attempts to see our Big Dizzy area, the programmes crash when trying to run simulations without more complete supporting data and more fuller science available by simply looking.

      Einstein- our nature walker- saw a great many things. Likely he saw our Galaxy center.

      Formulating his data into equations based upon science fictional events that create all the great stories, he brought his version into science… the best he could.

      Einstein was many things, including a transitional figure of people from Agrarian areas into our modern society survivals. Urbanization has left 3% of our demographics in NorthAm now as farmers.

      The Southern hemisphere experiences the direct effects of our 4 million solar mass galaxy center area more than the North, by star locations.

      Northern areas barely encounter the horizon hugging of our Big Dizzy. (Our “crack of dawn” sky curvature area is opposite the Sun).

      The Big Dizzy effects are often reverses of our sky Atmospheric Physics screenings for the 80% radiation of star influence places. That topic can have serendipity research.

      Einstein knew our “crack of dawn” heat area, up through the Atmospheric Physics levels.

      The science up inside those levels is quite often unlike ground level science, where our Elohim species prefer not to fall into.

      Is that a place inspiring warped universe concepts? Yes, indeed, as inner curvatures reflecting energies can be mistaken science fiction areas on saranwrap sky levels.

      When he brought in theory, Prof. Einstein tried to fit it into observation, without hanging himself.

      One of our great Astronomers knew the culture so well that he buried his works, content to die without recognitions. He knew his society and the consequences of speaking out of place.

      He too knew what would happen, so he buried it all until a young fellow pried it out of him and Copernicus died, shortly thereafter.

      Our recent WSF Interview with Prof. Aaronson shows he is well aware of his Polish heritage also, and Copernicus knew his Poles would not have his works, but only in death.

      Memoirs of the living are chancy, and cause Hollywood scandals.

      Copernicus never intended to be Einstein. There are yet those of us without choice in the Surveillance State.

      Einstein would call upon YHWH as the “Old One”. Einstein also knew YHWH because YHWH has never left our sky.

      Did our YHWH Elohim species get named by Einstein? No, he was cautious, calling him the “Old One”. Was that General Relativity?

      Any Astronomer working the sky becomes aware of the Elohim species, as they are not singular over cultural studies of Hwangdi in China.

      Copernicus tried to avoid the stake burnings, and Einstein encountered social upheavals of megamachines that allowed his questions.

      Einstein knew his answers already in some things, i think. With the cacophony of minds deciding how to move forward, Einstein paced himself, i think. LIGO & Gravitational waves show a community action to find science progress.

      Copernicus and those of us without choices of our science intellectual property allocation also know sometimes we simply cannot avoid the attempts to Martyr us.

      The National Science Foundation has the cacophony of minds that now prevent martyrs of science, but only in the USA.

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