The pendulum is a prime example.

But most examples can be explained away using ludicrous assumptions about physics (eg: the entire universe is spinning around Earth with celestial bodies farther from Earth moving faster than those closer). So to be precise, it isn’t enough to say that the rising and setting of celestial bodies is evidence, but that the laws of physics one would derive from observing celestial bodies dictates that Earth must be rotating. All across the universe, objects move around objects larger than themselves–planets around stars and stars around their galaxies.

That said, from my perspective, Earth is the biggest celestial body I’ve ever seen, so ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

Yes, each would take half of a year (6 months of darkness, 6 months of light).

However, having the perception that the universe is revolving around Earth doesn’t mean Earth can’t be spinning. In fact, that’s exactly how it works with the sun! The sun rotates around its axis about once every 27 days. So even if you were standing on the sun (and able to survive it), you would still see the planets and stars moving across the sky just like we do here–they’d just be moving about 27x slower 🙂